Key to Species of Anthurium Section Pachyneurium

Based on
Croat T.B., 1991, A Revision of Anthurium Section Pachyneurium (Araceae), Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78-3: 539-855

Click on 📌 to highlight and compare characteristics.
Click on the line numbers to select characteristics.

┌1A.

Species of Mexico, Central America, Panama, and West Indies.

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┌2A.

Blades to narrowly or -, to , sub or at base; mostly less than 2 x longer than wide (to 3 x longer than wide in Anthurium selloum from West Indies); the lobes usually more than 1/4 as long as the lobes.

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┌3A.

with s early emergent, well above the s at , giving the a rough appearance; s often long- and remaining after .

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┌4A.

Blades truncate to sub at base, the lobes about as long as wide; margin markedly undulate; Central Panama; 0- 1,150 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium colonicum K. Krause

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└4B.

Blades deeply - to at base, the lobes l.5 - 3.0 x longer than wide; with margins ą Hat and straight; Costa Rica to Colombia; 0-2,400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium watermaliense hort. ex Bailey & Nash

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├3B.

with s held mostly below s at ; s scarcely and retracted to level of s after .

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┌5A.

Blades with collective s arising from one of the s (rarely from one of the lowermost primary lateral s).

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┌6A.

Blades with the s all free to the base; narrowly triangular to closed; less than 300 m.

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┌7A.

Blades 44- 100 cm long; primary lateral s 9 - 20 pairs; southeastern Costa Rica; less than 100 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium schottianum Croat & R.A. Baker

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└7B.

Blades 17- 46 cm long; primary lateral s 5- 9 pairs Cuba; less than 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium venosum Griseb.

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├6B.

Blades , at least the lowermost pairs of s coalesced to form a marginal rib; to parabolic or ob to ; Costa Rica and Panama; above 500 m or St. John, Virgin Islands, at less than 300 m.

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┌8A.

Blades with 4- 9 pairs of primary lateral s; berries not early emergent, rounded at .

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┌9A.

lnftorescence nodding before ; hooding at ; cylindrical less than 6 x longer than broad .. 📌🔎Anthurium ranchoanum Engl.

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└9B.

lnftorescence erect before ; spreading-recurved, never hooding at ; markedly tapered, 10- 20x longer than broad: 600- 1,850 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium cotobrusii Croat & R.A. Baker

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└8B.

Blades with 19- 25 pairs of primary lateral s; berries early emergent, acute at .. 📌🔎Anthurium nervatum Croat

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├5B.

Blades with collective s arising from one of the primary lateral s in the upper 1/2 of the blade.

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┌10A.

Blades prominently lobed at base, the hippocrepiform or spathulate to ob with the lobes sometimes overlapping; Costa Rica and Panama.

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┌11A.

Blades usually less than 50 cm long, broadest at or near the base; to parabolic or hippocrepiform; usually less than 20 x longer than broad: Costa Rica to Panama: 600- 1,850 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium cotobrusii Croat & R.A. Baker

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└11B.

Blades usually more than 50 cm long, broadest at point of attachment: to ob; usually more than 20 x as long as broad: Costa Rica: 200- 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium standleyi Croat & R.A. Baker

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└10B.

Blades merely sub to almost truncate at base (rarely more deeply lobed); triangular to with , (rarely subparabolic in Anthurium selloum), lobes never even approaching overlap: West Indies (St. John, Virgin Islands): less than 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium selloum K. Koch

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├2B.

Blades elongate, mostly 3 or more x longer than wide, mostly - to ob or ob, only rarely sub at base (if so, the lobes less than 1/10 as long as lobes).

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┌12A.

Collective s arising from the lower 1/4 of the blade, often from near the base.

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┌13A.

purplish or brownish at .

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┌14A.

Primary lateral s prominently sunken above. prominently raised beneath.

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┌15A.

s sub, 3- 5-ribbed adaxially; Panama and Costa Rica in Cordillera de Talamanca: 1,300- 2,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium seibertii Croat & R.A. Baker

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├15B.

s or sub, rounded or bluntly angulate adaxially.

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┌16A.

Blades more than 83 cm long: 30- 75x longer than broad, to 60 cm long, the fruiting more than 30 cm long: Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and in western Panama; 200- 600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium prolatum Croat & R.A. Baker

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├16B.

Blades less than 80 cm long: less than 20 x longer than broad at , to 20 cm long, the fruiting usually less than 25 cm long: above 900 m.

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┌17A.

Leaf blades usually more than 50 cm long, usually ą pendent; - to ; usually more than 9 cm long; Costa Rica and Panama; 635- 2,700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium protensum Schott subsp. protensum

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└17B.

Leaf blades usually less than 50 cm long; usually erect; to broadly ; usually less than 6.5 cm long; mostly western Panama; 1, 100- 2,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium protensum Schott subsp. arcualum Croat

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├14B.

Primary lateral s and collective s not prominently sunken above, slightly raised beneath.

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┌18A.

Blades , broadest midway; primary lateral s 13- 16 pairs, drying inconspicuous, scarcely more conspicuous than interprimary s; s ; to -, hooding ; Cordillera Tilariin and Cordillera Central in northern Costa Rica .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium brenesii Croat & R.A. Baker

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└18B.

Blades ob to -ob, broadest well above middle; primary lateral s 9- 14 pairs, conspicuous, much more prominent than the interprimary s; s sub to al; , spreading, not hooding ; western Mexico .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth subsp. jimenezii (Matuda) Croat

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├13B.

greenish to green or whitish at .

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┌19A.

with geniculum situated at least 7 cm below base of blade; Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica; 300-1,300m .. 📌🔎Anthurium oerstedianum Schott

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├19B.

with geniculum immediately ing leaf blade.

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┌20A.

Plants pendent s; blades usually more than 1 m long and 25 cm wide.

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┌21A.

s sub, rarely bluntly 4-sided; blades 6 -8x longer than wide, matte to semiglossy on upper surface; western Panama; 1,250- 1,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pseudospectabile Croat

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└21B.

s sharply ; blades 2.5 - 4 x longer than wide, semiglossy to glossy on upper surface; Nicaragua and Costa Rica; 300- 1,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium spectabile Schott

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├20B.

Plants erect, or terrestrial; blades usually less than 80 cm long and less than 14 cm wide (sometimes wider in Anthurium jimenezii from Pacific slope of Mexico).

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┌22A.

Spad ix long-tapered. greenish; s less than 7 cm long. rounded ly; endemic to Central Mexico in Oaxaca on Atlantic slope: 200-1,200m .. 📌🔎Anthurium machetioides Mat uda

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├22B.

to , scarcely or not at all tapered, cream to white or pale yellow; s more than 7 cm long, rounded to 3-ribbed ly; Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

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┌23A.

s longer than the blades: dark reddish purple, nearly round , ca . 7 cm wide; western Panama; 1,675 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium hammelii Croat

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├23B.

s 1/5-1/8 as long as blades: green , at most -, less than 3 cm wide; Nicaragua to Panama; 0-1,600m

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┌24A.

s persisting intact; s rounded to 3-ribbed ly; blades with raphide cells visible (at least when dried); primary lateral s 10 - 12 pairs, weakly sunken on upper surface; -, reHexed; creamy white, cylindroid to , not tapered toward , held at ca. 90° angle to ; Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica; 0- 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium eximium Engl.

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└24B.

s weathering to fibers; s triangular or sharply 3- 5-ribbed ly; blades with raphide cells not visible; primary lateral s 20- 30 pairs, prominently sunken on upper surface: to broadly , erect and ; pale yellow to creamy white, erect or suberect, slightly tapered toward , held at ca. 180" angle to ; Nicaragua to Panama: 0- 380 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium spathiphyllum N.E. Br.

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├12B.

Collective s arising from the upper 3/4 of the blade, mostly from above the middle or lacking.

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┌25A.

purplish or rarely reddish at (mostly lavender to violet-purple).

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┌26A.

Blades with s on both surfaces even when fresh, drying prominently raised; West Indies (Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands) .. 📌🔎Anthurium crenatum (L) Kunth

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├26B.

Blades with s on fresh leaves either obscure or sunken above, Hat to weakly raised below, drying weakly raised; Central America and northern South America (Anthurium cubense also from Cuba).

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┌27A.

usually shorter than , never more than twice as long as , usually less than twice as long as (rarely somewhat more than twice as long as ).

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┌28A.

s sharply to bluntly or D-shaped, rounded or usually 1- 3-ribbed ly, dark violet-purple at ; Panama, Atlantic Coast to Continental Divide in wetter parts of tropical moist forest and premontane wet forest, sea level to 1,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium purpureospathum Croat

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└28B.

s sub to obscurely , usually rounded adaxially; whitish to lavender at ; Cuba, Yucatan to Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela in tropical dry forest and drier parts of tropical moist and premontane wet forest life zones; 100- 700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium cubense Engl.

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├27B.

mostly 2 or more x longer than , usually 2 or more x longer than .

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┌29A.

s either subquandrangular in cross section, or 3- or more-ribbed ly or both.

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┌30A.

lacking ribs. eastern Costa Rica and western Panama; 1,200- 2,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium validifolium K. Krause

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├30B.

with ribs.

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┌31A.

dark purple, , and hooding at : broadest at about lower 1/3; Panama, tropical wet and premontane rainforest life zones; 530- 1,350 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium luteynii Croat

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├31B.

green (sometimes tinged purplish) reflexed, never hooding .

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┌32A.

cylindr ical, 7- 20 x longer than broad at an thesis; s bearing conspicuous droplets over their surface at ; - to .. usually less than 4 x longer than broad at ; blades drying brown; Atlantic Coast of Panama to Colombia; less than 100 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium concolor K. Krause

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├32B.

long-tapered, usually more than 20 x longer than broad at ; s lacking droplets (except in A. upalaense after 2 or more s have emerged); s mostly , 5 or more x longer than broad at an thesis.

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┌33A.

s subquandrangular, prominently 3- 5-ribbed ly; blades acute at base, drying brown to graygreen on lower surface: s , persisting intact; moderately thick, persisting intact; Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica; mostly 0- 700 m (rarely to 1,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium upalaense Croat & R.A. Baker

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└33B.

s D-shaped, rounded to subtriangular, weakly 1- 5-ribbed adaxially; blades usually obtuse to rounded at base; drying pale yellowish green on lower surface: s moderately thin, soon weathering to semiintact condition or to fibers or deciduous: thin, soon drying and weathering; principally northern South America but extending into Central Panama; mostly 0- 1,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fendleri Schott

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├29B.

s more or less D-shaped in cross section, rounded and unribbed l y.

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┌34A.

subcylindroid, less than 10 cm long; s sharply pointed, early emergent; s greenish white, turning pinkish tan .. 📌Anthurium consobrinum Schott

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├34B.

long-tapered. greater than 10 cm; s rounded at , not at all early emergent; s maroon or green, soon lavender.

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┌35A.

dark maroon, not at all ; s , the young leaves emerging straight from , lacking circinnate vernation (not rolled lengthwise): berries purplish, sometimes white at base; Trinidad, northeastern South America lo Brazil (Amap.i) .. 📌🔎Anthurium jenmanii Engl.

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└35B.

pale green when young, soon lavender, weakly ; s , fist-shaped, the leaves unrolling lengthwise; berries red: Mexico to Colombia; 0 - l ,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium salviniae Hemsley

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├25B.

green, greenish, white, yellow, or yellow-green at .

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┌36A.

s subquadranguJar or al in cross section.

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┌37A.

narrowly to broadly to , less than 3.5 x longer than broad, held erect, enshrouding or hooding (except for A. halmoorei ).

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┌38A.

, broadest somewhat above the middle, directed at ca. 900 angle from ; boat-shaped and hooding the at ; berries greenish yellow to white; petio les sharply with raised edges, usually sharply 3-angular ly; Atlantic slope, Nicaragua to Panama; 0- 450 m, rarely to 800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bradeanum Croat & Grayum

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├38B.

tapered toward the . broadest at the base. held erect or suberect; spreading or erect and enshrouding (but not hooding) at ; berries yellow or red; pe tioles bluntly .

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┌39A.

stiffly erect and enshrouding ; berries orange.red; El Salvador and Guatemala; Pacific slope; 500- 800 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium salvadorense Croat

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└39B.

spreading, never enshrouding ; berries pale yeUow; western Mexico, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Michoacan; 450- 1,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium halmoorei Croat

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├37B.

to narrowly triangular, usually more than 3.5 x longer than wide (sometimes to 3 x longer than wide for Anthurium nizandense ).

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┌40A.

Blades to ob-ell iptic. less than 3 x longer than wide. widest at about the middle; roots mostly thick, to l cm diam.; Pacific slope of Mexico (Guerrero and Oaxaca); to 850 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium nizandense Matuda

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├40B.

Blades ob to ob, usually more than 3.5 x longer than wide, always widest above the middle; roots thick or slender , 2- 8 mm diam.

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┌41A.

s promptly weathering to fibers: s either sharply a l and more than l.5 cm diam. or sub with 3 sharp adaxial ribs and less than 9 mm diam.

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┌42A.

Plants terrestrial; s sub, less than 9 mm diam .; blades moderately thin, long-attenuate at base; primary lateral s 8 - 12 pai rs: thin, green, -, spreading-reflexed to spreading (remaining flat, never strongly reflexed); less than 8 mm diam .; Costa Rica and Panama; 0- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium acutifolium Engl.

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└42B.

Plants or sometimes on rocks; s usually al. mostly more than 10 mm diam .: blades moderately , acute to obtuse at base; primary lateral s usually more than 12 pairs: , often heavily tinged purple, usually narrowly triangular. usually strongly reflexed (the margins rolled under in age): usually more than 1.5 cm diam.; Atlantic slope. Mexico to Honduras: sea level to usually less than 1,000 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth subsp. schlechtendalii

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├41B.

s persisting mostly intact; s bluntly to sub, sometimes bluntly 3-ribbed adaxially.

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┌43A.

s prominently 3-ribbed ly: s persisting intact , conspicuous, only rarely weathered; Nicaragua to Costa Rica; sea level to 600m .. 📌🔎Anthurium upalaense Croat & R.A. Baker

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├43B.

s not prominently ribbed ly: s thin , often weathered to fibers in part.

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┌44A.

bluntly tapered, more than 17 mm diam. at base: roots ascending to descending, greenish to tan, 3- 8 mm diam.: fruits bright red; Mexico to Nicaragua; 0 - 1.600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth

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└44B.

long-tapered, less than 10 mm diam. at base; roots mostly directed upward, whitish, ca. l mm diam.; fruits cream to greenish yellow or pale orange; Costa Rica to Panama; 0 - l .200 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fatoense K. Krause

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├36B.

s ą D-shaped to subterele in cross section (sometimes bluntly 4-sided in Anthurium pseudospectabile).

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┌45A.

Plants pendent: primary lateral s more than 30 pairs; premontane wet or premontane rainforest life zones, western Panama: l ,250- 1,500 m .. 📌A pseudospectabile Croat

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├45B.

Plants with leaves erect, rosulate; primary lateral s less than l 5 pairs.

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┌46A.

mostly shorter than s, rarely more than twice as long as ; cylindroid: tropical dry forest or drier parts of tropical moist forest life zones .. 📌🔎Anthurium cubense Engl.

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├46B.

s usually much longer than s, always more than twice as long as the ; long-tapered toward .

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┌47A.

Blades 10 narrowly , broadest at about the middle, less than 3 x longer than wide.

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┌48A.

Blades usually more than 15 cm wide, drying brown to greenish brown and moderately : more than 2.5 cm wide; green becoming reddish brown; Mexico (Guerrero and Oaxaca); to 850 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium nizandense Matuda

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└48B.

Blades less than 15 cm wide, drying pale yellow-g reen , thin; I cm wide or less; yellow; Costa Rica; 300- 400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium acutifolium Engl. var. herrerae Croat

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├47B.

Blades ob to ob, broadest above the middle, more than 3.5 x longer than wide.

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┌49A.

Inflorescence erect; to broadly , less than 3 x longer than wide; s ; fruits pale yellow or unknown: western Mexico.

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┌50A.

erect, usually dark purple on inside, less than 6 cm long; , broadest near the ; fruits unknown; endemic to Michoacan; near sea level .. 📌🔎Anthurium sarukhanianum Croat & Haager

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└50B.

spreading. green, at most tinged with purple on inside, more than 13 cm long; tapered toward , broadest at or near the base; fruits yellow, greenish at tip; Nayarit, Jalisco and Michoaccn; 450- 1,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium halmoorei Croat

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└49B.

Infl orescence usually pendent; -. more than 5 x longer than wide; s , fist-shaped; fruits red: Mexico to Colombia; 0 - 1,400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium salviniae Hemsley

├1B.

Species of South America.

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┌51A.

Collective arising from the base or at least below the middle of the leaf blade.

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┌52A.

greenish or whitish at .

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┌53A.

bluish green and appearing at .

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┌54A.

14- 33 cm long; leaf blades drying : central Colombia; 500- 2, 100 m .. 📌Anthurium glaucospadix Croat

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└54B.

4- 8.5 cm long; leaf blades drying thin; widespread in western Amazonia; 100- 8 70 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium oxycarpum Poeppig

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├53B.

not bluish green or at .

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┌55A.

Primary lateral s prominently and sharply raised on upper surface (e ven when fresh); eastern slopes of Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru; 1,000- 2,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium penningtonii Croat

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├55B.

Primary lateral s not prominently and sharply raised on upper surface.

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┌56A.

Primary lateral s toward base of leaf blade perpendicular to midrib to to l 300 angle; central Peru; 500- 1,800 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium latissimum Engl.

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├56B.

Primary lateral s all ascending.

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┌57A.

s mostly 2- 10-ribbed ly.

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┌58A.

5.5 - 7 cm; leaf blades drying thin; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador; 5 10- 690 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bucayanum Croat

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├58B.

or suh; leaf blades dr ying sub to .

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┌59A.

Primary lateral s fewer than 15 per side: s hooked; central Colombia; 900- 1,750 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium caucavallense Croat

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├59B.

Primary lateral s more than 15 per side; s straight; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador.

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┌60A.

Leaf blades less than 20 cm wide: less than 40 cm long; less than 10 cm long: western Loja; 1,400- 2,700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium lennartii Croat

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└60B.

Leaf blades more than 20 cm wide: more than 40 cm long; more than 10 cm long; Bolivar and Chimborazo; 1,200- 2,150 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium campii Croat

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├57B.

s mostly rounded or only I -angled ly.

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┌61A.

deflexed to reflexed. held at 130- 160" angle from ; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador: 300- 400 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium oxyphyllum Sodiro

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├61B.

not deflexed or reflexed, held ą 180" from .

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┌62A.

Species of the Amazon basin and drainage system.

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┌63A.

Leaf blades broadly to broadly with Hat margins: Peru (San Martin) or Venezuela (Amazonas).

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┌64A.

Blades e on lower surface; collective s arising from the base of the blade; San Martin. Peru; 400- 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium knappiae Croat

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├64B.

Blades conspicuously glandular- on the lower surface; collective s lacking or arising from the uppermost primary lateral s. 420 m Anthurium vinillense Bunting

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├63B.

Leaf mostl y ob, with conspicuously undulate margins.

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┌65A.

Primary lateral s fewer than 10 per side; San Martin, Peru; 130- 750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium llewelynii Croat

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└65B.

Primary lateral s more than 10 per side; Ecuador to southern Peru; 950- 2,750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

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├62B.

Species occurring on western slopes of Andes in Ecuador .

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┌66A.

more than 3x longer than s; El Oro and Cotopaxi; 2,100- 2,500 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium angustilaminatum Engl. subsp. cibuserpentis Croat

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├66B.

less than 3 x longer than s. reddish or purplish at .

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┌67A.

s sharply triangular-winged; blades markedly long-attenuate in lower half; terrestrial; 80- 400 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium palenquense Croat

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├67B.

s sub to D-shaped; blades acute or at most abruptly attenuate at base, not markedly longattenuate in lower half of blade; usually .

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┌68A.

Blades mostly more than l 5 cm wide, less than 7 x longer than wide; central and northern Ecuador; 250- 1,500 m .. 📌Anthurium holmnielsenii Croat

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├68B.

Blades less than l 5 cm wide, more than 7 x longer than wide.

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┌69A.

Blades usually pendent , matte and velvety on the upper surface; s to sub; Los Rios and Pichincha; 650- 1,200 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium acutissimum Engl.

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└69B.

Blades stiffly erect-spreading, usually semiglossy on upper surface; s sharply D-shaped; widespread in western Ecuador; 50- 1,330 (2,000) m .. 📌🔎Anthurium obscurinervium Croat

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┌70A.

Species of the Amazon basin and drainage system.

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┌71A.

longer than ; La Paz, Bolivia; 1,000- 1,400 m ..

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└71B.

shorter than .. 📌🔎Anthurium solomonii Croat

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┌72A.

Leaf blades with primary lateral s mostly more than 15 per side; occurring mostly above 800 m (origin of Anthurium martianum unknown).

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┌73A.

Leaf blades less than 10 cm wide.

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┌74A.

Blades less than 2.5 x longer than the s: s persisting intact to semi-intact; Peru and Bolivia; 890-l,700m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ottonis K. Krause

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├74B.

Blades more than 2.5 x longer than the s; s persisting at a reticulum of pale fibers.

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┌75A.

s subtriangular: with 5- 7 Rowers visib le per spiral; dried s protruding well above the s, blackened with pale raphide cells visible; southern Ecuador to Bolivia: 2,200- 2.400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium soukupii Croat

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└75B.

s D-shaped; with 8-11 flowers visible per spiral; dried s rounded at and not emerging above s, yellow-brown and lacking raphide cells; eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador (Tunguragua, Pastaza and Morona Santiago); 970- 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fasciale Sodiro

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├73B.

Leaf blades more than 10 cm wide.

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┌76A.

Leaf blades more than 20 cm wide.

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┌77A.

Primary lateral s more than 25 per side; s triangular, acutely angled ly; eastern slopes of Andes in Ecuador; 600- 1.830 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium santiagoense Croat

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├77B.

Primary lateral s fewer than 25 per side; s mostly D-shaped, rounded ly.

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┌78A.

Leaf blades about as long as or scarcely longer than the s; blades broadest at or below the middle; less than 2 x longer than ; origin unknown, said to be from the Guianas .. 📌Anthurium martianum K. Koch & Kolb

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└78B.

Leaf blades much longer than the s; blades broadest above the middle (rarely near the middle); more than 2x longer than ; Ecuador to southern Peru; (3 70)950- 2,760 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

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├76B.

Leaf blades mostly less than 20 cm wide.

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┌79A.

Leaf blades conspicuously quilted (i.e .. with the leaf tissue conspi cuously raised between the primary lateral s), with primary lateral s ascending and then spreading ly at 30- 70°' angle; Hucinuco, Peru: 650- 800 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium reflexinervium Croat

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├79B.

Leaf blades not quilted, with primary lateral s all ascending.

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┌80A.

Primary s prominently and sharply raised on upper surface (even on drying); eastern slopes of Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru; (800)1 ,000- 2.500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium penningtonii Croat

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├80B.

Primary lateral s not prominently and sharply raised on upper surface.

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┌81A.

Leaf blades ; less than 3x longer than ; eastern slopes of Andes in Ecuador; 970- 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fasciale Sodiro

│

└81B.

Leaf blades mostly ob; more than 3x longer than ; Ecuador to southern Peru; 950- 2, 760 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

│

├72B.

Leaf blades with primary lateral s 15 or fewer per side; occurring mostly below 800 m.

│

┌82A.

Leaf blades with primary la teral s toward base perpendicular to midrib to ; central Peru ; 500- 1.800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium latissimum Engl.

│

├82B.

Leaf blades with primary lateral s all ascending.

│

┌83A.

Leaf blades over 4 x longer than broad or <=2 x longer than broad.

│

┌84A.

Leaves spreading-pendent; blades to ob, over 4 x longer than broad; Ecuador and adjacent Peru and Colombia; 90- 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pendulifolium N. E. Br.

│

├84B.

Leaves erect or spreading; blades to broadly - or broadly , <=2 x longer than broad.

│

┌85A.

Blades obtuse to rounded or at base; s usually l pair, rarely 2 pairs, merging with the margin in the lower 1/4 of the blade; Emma mountains. Surinam; 850m .. 📌🔎Anthurium lanjouwii Jonker & Jonker

│

└85B.

Blades shallowly at base; s 3 - 4 pairs, a t least the uppermost joining the margin well near or above the middle of the blade; Cerro Neblina and Cerro Yapacana, Amazonas, Venezuela; 780- 825 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium wurdackii Bunting

│

├83B.

Leaf blades mostly between 4 and 2 x longer than broad.

│

┌86A.

less than 10 cm long; less than 5 cm long; leaf blades quilted and velvety; known only from Rio Sucusari, Loreto, Peru; below 200 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium willifordii Croat

│

├86B.

more than 10 cm long at a nthesis; more than 5 cm long; leaf blades not quilted or velvety.

│

┌87A.

Geniculum appearing remote from base of blade by 4-11cm; Amazonas, Brazil .. 📌🔎Anthurium krukovii Croat

│

├87B.

Geniculum at base of blade, not appearing remote.

│

┌88A.

Leaf blades mostly more than 40 cm long; western Amazonia; mostly below 500 m.

│

┌89A.

Blades usually narrowly to broadly ob, long-attenuate or rarely acute at base .. 📌🔎Anthurium atropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. arenicola Croat

│

└89B.

Blades ., rounded at base (sometimes acutely onto ) .. 📌🔎Anthurium atropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. thomasii Croat

│

├88B.

Leaf blades less than 40 cm long.

│

┌90A.

Leaf blades broadest near middle, drying pale green; tertiary s etched on upper surface when fresh; northwestern Amazonia; below 160 m.

│

┌91A.

Blades drying pale gra y-green, less than 14 cm wide, usually less than 12 cm wide, narrowly acute or at least prominently at base; the inserted at ca . 90° angle on ; western margin of Amazon basin in Acre, Brazil, and Loreto, Peru; 120- 160 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium atropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. atropurpureum

│

└91B.

Blades drying dark yellow-green to yellow-brown, more than 12 cm, (usually more than 14 cm) wide, usually obtuse to rounded at base, never narrowly acute or at base; inserted at ca. 45° angle on ; Surinam; 850 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium lanjouwii Jonker & Jonker

│

└90B.

Leaf blades broadest below middle, drying dark , mostly brown; tertia ry s not etched on upper surface; known only from near Tarapoto, San Martin, Peru .. 📌🔎Anthurium basirotundum Croat

│

├70B.

Species of northern and central and Pacific coastal Colombia. western slopes of Andes in Ecuador and northern coastal Peru or eastern coastal Brazil, not occur ring in the Amazon basin or drainage system .

│

┌92A.

Leaf blades usually less than 15 cm wide.

│

┌93A.

Primary lateral s near middle of leaf blade more than 2 cm apart.

│

┌94A.

Terrestrial; leaf blades -, less than 7 cm wide; coastal Ecuador .. 📌Anthurium liriquifolium Engl.

│

└94B.

; leaf blades -ob, more than 7 cm wide; Tumbes, Peru; 600- 800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium simpsonii Croat

│

├93B.

Primary lateral s at middle of leaf blade mostly less than 2 cm apart.

│

┌95A.

Primary lateral ve ins sharply raised on upper surface (even when fresh); western slopes of Andes in Ecuador ; 2,000- 3,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pallatangense Engl.

│

├95B.

Primary lateral s not sharply raised on upper surface.

│

┌96A.

Leaf blades with margins conspicuously concave toward base; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador ; 150- 300m .. 📌🔎Anthurium palenquense Croat

│

├96B.

Leaf blades with margins straight or convex toward base.

│

┌97A.

s sharply triangular, mostly more than 16 cm long; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador; 200-1,300m .. 📌🔎Anthurium napaeum Engl.

│

├97B.

s D-shaped, sub or obscurely triangular, mostly less than 16 cm long.

│

┌98A.

Leaf blades truncate to narrowly rounded at base; Ecuador ; 2, 135- 2,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium angustilaminatum Engl. subsp. cibuserpentis Croat

│

├98B.

Leaf blades acute to attenuate at base.

│

┌99A.

Leaf blades mostly more than 50 cm long. 4.5 - 6 .6 x longer than s; dark purple; Pichincha, Ecuador; ca. 1,200 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium angustilaminatum Engl. subsp. angustilaminatum

│

└99B.

Leaf blades mostly less than 50 cm long; 2.5 - 4.5 x longer than s: maroon to brownish (orange, brown, brown to brownish purple): Carchi, Ecuador, Narino, Colombia: 1,200- 2,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium carchiense Croat

│

├92B.

Leaf blades usually more than 15 cm wide.

│

┌100A.

s triangular or .

│

┌101A.

s : 2.5- 4 .3 cm wide, erect; fruits dirty white to pale violet: southeastern coastal Brazil; 0- 250 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium coriaceum G. Don in Sweet

│

├101B.

s triangular; spat he 0.4- 2.5 cm wide, reflexed to spreading; fr ui ts dirty white; western slopes of Andes in Ecuador and Colombia.

│

┌102A.

Leaf blades with margins conspicuously concave toward base; 80- 400 m

│

├102B.

Leaf blades with margins straight or convex toward base; 200- 1,300 m

│

├100B.

s usually D-shaped.

│

┌103A.

Primary lateral s fewer than 20 per side .. 📌🔎Anthurium palenquense Croat

│

┌104A.

Fruits orange; roots and minutely but conspicuously warty; s straight; Magdalena, Colombia, near Minca .. 📌🔎Anthurium johnsoniae Croat

│

└104B.

Fruits violet-purple; roots , not warty; s hooked; central Colombia; 900- 1,750m .. 📌🔎Anthurium caucavallense Croat

│

├103B.

Primary lateral s 20 or more per side.

│

┌105A.

Leaf blades rounded to truncate at base, about as long as or rarely twice as long; origin unknown .. 📌Anthurium martianum K. Koch & Kolb

│

├105B.

Leaf blades acute to attenuate at base. 2- 8 x longer than .

│

┌106A.

purplish brown, 2.5 - 3 cm; Manabi. Ecuador ; 450 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium manabianum Croat

│

├106B.

dark purple to reddish vio let, sub.

│

┌107A.

more than 30 x longer than thick; leaf blades long-attenuate at base; Narii'io, Colombia; 900- 1,000 rn .. 📌🔎Anthurium narinoense Croat

│

└107B.

less than 30x longer than thick; leaf blades acute to obtuse or at base; Ecuador; 210-250m .. 📌🔎Anthurium sparreorum Croat

│

├51B.

Collective arising from above or near middle of leaf blade or absent.

│

┌108A.

red, reddish, maroon, or purplish to violet-purple.

│

┌109A.

less than 5 x longer than .

│

┌110A.

Species of Amazon basin and drainage system (Brazilian highlands, Bolivia, Paraguay. Argentina).

│

┌111A.

Leaf blades s 3x longer than broad.

│

┌112A.

s mostly subtere te in cross section .

│

┌113A.

Leaf blades sub at base, thickly ; more than 50 cm long.

│

┌114A.

Leaf blade , the midrib naked beyond the base of the blade for a distance of up to 5 cm before reaching the geniculum (the geniculum appearing remote), or the blade at least and the lowermost primary lateral s naked at base for 1.5- 2 cm; Venezuela, Amazonas; 10- 150 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium guanchezii Bunting

│

├114B.

Leaf blade not at base, the geniculum not appearing remote from the base of the blade.

│

┌115A.

Blade . 1.5 - 1. 7 x longer than wide, dark glandula r- on lower surface; for less than I cm; Venezuela. Amazonas; 1,350 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium iramirezae Bunting

│

└115B.

Blades -, 1.9- 2.2 x longer than wide. e; for 2- 7 .5 cm; Venezuela, Amazonas; 725- 825 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium wurdackii Bunting

│

├113B.

Leaf blades attenuate to obtuse at base, chartaceous to moderately : less than 50 cm long.

│

┌116A.

Blades obtuse to rounded or sometimes at base, never attenuate; Surinam; 850 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium lanjouwii Jonker & Jonker

│

├116B.

Blades attenuate at base; upper Amazon basin; less than 300 m.

│

┌117A.

s less than 25 cm long; geniculum at base of leaf blade; Loreto, Peru; 100- 160 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

└117B.

s more than 25 cm long; geniculum appearing remote from base of leaf blade by 4- 20 cm; Acre State, Brazil .. 📌🔎Anthurium pranceanum Croat

│

├112B.

s variously shaped in cross section but never sub.

│

┌118A.

longer than ; infructescence with ca. 1/3 withered: fibers fine. hairlike, reddish brown; Peru to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil; 50- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium plowmanii Croat

│

├118B.

shorter than : infructescence usually not withered in lh; fibers various, usually not fine and hairlike.

│

┌119A.

Leaf blade broadest at or below middle, up to 4 1 cm long; less than 15 x longer than thick; known only from vicinity of Tarapoto, San Martin , Peru .. 📌🔎Anthurium basirotundum Croat

│

├119B.

Leaf blade broadest above the middle, or if broadest near or below middle, then more than 15 x longer than thick; leaf blades mostly longer.

│

┌120A.

more than 40 x longer than thick, 3 - 4 mm diam. midway (when dried); known only from Colombia (Vaupes. Amazonas) .. 📌🔎Anthurium vaupesianum Croat

│

├120B.

less than 40x longer than thick. or if more than 40 x longer than thick, then more than 5 mm diam.

│

┌121A.

Primary lateral s toward base of leaf blade pe rpe ndicular to to l 300 to midrib: central Peru; 500- 1,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium latissimum Engl.

│

├121B.

Primary lateral s all ascending, never re trorse.

│

┌122A.

s hooked or .

│

┌123A.

Inflorescence erect-spreading; leaf blades usually matte on upper surface (when fresh); above 400 m (up to 1,800 m) on eastern slopes of Andes in Colombia and Ecuador .. 📌🔎Anthurium harlingianum Croat

│

├123B.

Inflorescence pendent to spreading.pendent; leaf blades semiglossy on upper surface (when fresh); western and northern Amazonia; below 300 m.

│

┌124A.

5- 6 x longer than , strictly pendent, 3- 5 mm diam. at ; Venezuela in Amazonas and Bolivar, northern Par8 State in Brazil .. 📌🔎Anthurium cataniapoense Croat

│

└124B.

4- 12 x longer than , spreading to spreading.pendent, 6- 11 mm diam. at ; Upper Amazon basin, western Brazil (Amazonas) Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador .. 📌🔎Anthurium loretense Croat

│

├122B.

s straight, .

│

┌125A.

Leaf blades frequently with glandular punctations and/ or pustules (at least ly); habit mostly terrestrial or epilithic; widespread in Brazil and Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas.

│

┌126A.

usually withered at .

│

┌127A.

thin, , 5 .5- 1 l.5 cm long; western to northeastern Colombia, western Venezuela, Panama; sea level to 1,000 (2,430) m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fendleri Schott

│

└127B.

sub, not , 11 - 50 cm long; Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guianas, Amapa in Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium jenmanii Engl.

│

├126B.

not withered at .

│

┌128A.

Stems erect; northern Amazon basin, rarely south of the Rio Amazonas (middle Rio Tocantins).

│

┌129A.

Leaf blades rounded to subtruncate at base, mostly drying greenish; 15 - 40 mm long; southeastern Colombia, Amazonas, and Bolivar in Venezuela; 75- 380 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cualrecasii Croat

│

├129B.

Leaf blades attenuate to acute or obtuse at base, usually drying brown or yellowish; lacking or to 20 mm long.

│

┌130A.

Leaf blades usually to broadly ; usually 3 - 6 x longer than ; rarely exceeding 30 cm long; southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. bonplandii

│

└130B.

Leaf blades usually ob to ob; usually about twice as long as the ; Surinam, southern Venezuela; 400- 1,400 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. guayanum (Bunting) Croat

│

└128B.

Stem creeping horizontally; Mato Grosso, Goi8s, southern Par8 and RondOnia in Brazil .. 📌🔎Anthurium lindmanianum Engl.

│

├125B.

Leaf blades without glandular punctations or pustules; habit mostly ; mostly occurring in Peru and Ecuador.

│

┌131A.

s persisting as a skeleton of fine , pale fibers: leaf blades mostly drying green, with primary lateral s conspicuously orangish.

│

┌132A.

Inflorescence spreading-pendent; 23- 54 cm long; known only from Pastaza, Ecuador; 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. oellgaardii Croat

│

└132B.

Inflorescence erect; usually 3- 25 cm long; widespread in western Amazonia: below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. ernestii

│

├131B.

s persisting semi-intact and brown, with the fibers relatively inconspicuous: leaf blades mostly drying brown, with primary lateral s brownish or yellowish.

│

┌133A.

Primary lateral s 10 - 23 per side.

│

┌134A.

: s rounded and unribbed or 3 - 5-ribbed ly; 21 - 50 cm long; salmon-pink to pale violet-purple: eastern slopes of Andes in Colombia and Ecuador; 440- 1,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium harlingianum Croat

│

└134B.

Terrestrial; s 5 - 8 -ribbed ly; 50- 91 cm long; dark purple: lmbabura, Ecuador: 900-1,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium leonianum Sodiro

│

├133B.

Primary lateral s mostly 5 - 10 per side.

│

┌135A.

Geniculum appearing remote from base of blade by up to 16 cm; s narrowly and obtusely adaxially with blunt margins; San Martin and Amazonas, Peru; 530-1,160 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium remotigeniculatum Croat

│

├135B.

Ceniculum not appearing remote:; s convex to broadly adaxially with sharp margins.

│

┌136A.

appearing , mostly 18- 50 x longer than broad; Loreto, Peru, and adjacent Colombia. Ecuador, and Brazil: below 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

└136B.

not appearing , 6 - 18 x longer than broad: San Martin, Peru; 360- 700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium tarapotense Engl.

│

├111B.

Leaf blades usually more than 3 x longer than broad.

│

┌137A.

Primary lateral s toward base of leaf blade or throughout its length.

│

┌138A.

Leaf blades to 18 cm wide, obtuse to shallowly at base, conspicuously quilted, with conspicuously , primary lateral s throughout their length: known only from vicinity of Tingo Maria (Huanuco). Peru; 650-800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium reflexinervium Croat

│

└138B.

Leaf blades to 36.5 cm wide. acute to attenuate at base, weakly bullate at most, with conspicuously primary lateral s only toward base of leaf blade: central Peru: 500- 1,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium latissimum Engl.

│

├137B.

Primary lateral s all ascending.

│

┌139A.

more than 3 x longer than .

│

┌140A.

pale and appearing .

│

┌141A.

More than 6 flowers visible in either spiral: western Amazonia: below 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

└141B.

Fewer than 6 flowers visible in either spiral; Loreto, Peru, 100- 160 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

├140B.

usually not pale, not appearing .

│

┌142A.

usually withered at .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

┌143A.

Tertiary s prominently etched on upper surface when fresh; western Amawnia; l00- 560 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium atropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. arenicola Croat

│

├143B.

Tertiary s not prominently etched on upper surface when fresh.

│

┌144A.

thin, , 5.5 -11 cm long; western-central to northeastern Colombia , western Venezuela, Panama; sea level to 1,000(2,430) m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fendleri Schott

│

└144B.

sub, not , 11 - 50 cm long; Trinidad and Tobago, Guianas, Amapa in Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium jenmanii Engl.

│

├142B.

Spa the not withered at .

│

┌145A.

s hook-shaped or .

│

┌146A.

Inflorescence erect-spreading; leaf blades usually matte on upper surface (when fresh); lower eastern slopes of Andes in Colombia and Ecuador; 440- 1,800 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium harlingianum Croat

│

└146B.

Inflorescence pendent; leaf blades semiglossy on upper surface (when fresh); in Amazonas and Bolivar, Venezuela, Para in Brazil; below 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium cataniapoense Croat

│

├145B.

s straight , .

│

┌147A.

Leaf blade with tertiary s conspicuously etched on upper surface when fresh; central Peru ; (240)320- 770m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pachylaminum Croat

│

├147B.

Leaf blade with tertiary s not conspicuously etched, mostly obsc ure, when fresh.

│

┌148A.

Peti oles rounded ly.

│

┌149A.

Primary lateral s 10- 2 1 per side.

│

┌150A.

s ca . 8 cm long; leaf blades ca. 5.4 x longer than broad; known only from the Serrania de Cutucti in Morona-Santiago, Ecuador; 1,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bushii Croat

│

└150B.

s 10- 30 cm long; leaf blades usually less than 5 x longer than broad; cent ral Ecuador to southern Peru; 950- 2,760 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

│

├149B.

Primary lateral s 5- 10 per side.

│

┌151A.

Leaf blades rounded to subtruncate at base, mostly drying greenish; l 5- 40 mm long; southeastern Colombia, Amazonas and Bolivar in Venezuela; 75- 380 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cuatrecasii Croat

│

└151B.

Leaf blades acute to attenuate at base, mostly drying brown to yellowish; 3- 20 mm long; southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, northern Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. bonplandii

│

├148B.

s (I )3- 5(8)-ribbed ly.

│

┌152A.

Primary lateral s 10- 16 per side.

│

┌153A.

less than 50 cm long; 7- 8 cm long; ; known only from Pastaza, Ecuador ; 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. oellgaardii Croat

│

└153B.

more than 50 cm long; over 20 cm long; terrestrial; known only from lrnbabura, Ecuador; 900- 1,500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium leonianum Sodiro

│

├152B.

Primary lateral s 4- 10 per side.

│

┌154A.

Leaf blades sub, ob to -ob, without glandular punctations; southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina; 150-1,700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. paraguayense

│

└154B.

Leaf blades mostly . mostly to broadly , usually with glandular punctations below; southeastern Colombia. southern Venezuela, northern Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. bonplandii

│

├139B.

<= 3 x longer than .

│

┌155A.

pale and appearing .

│

┌156A.

2.5- 9 cm long; l.7 - 4.7 cm long; leaves quilted and velvety; known only from Rio Sucusari, Loreto, Peru .. 📌🔎Anthurium willifordii Croat

│

├156B.

14- 38 cm long; 5- 15 cm long; leaves not quilted or velvety.

│

┌157A.

More than 6 flowers visible in either spi ral; western Amazonia; below 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

└157B.

Fewer than 6 flowers vis ible in either spiral; Loreto, Peru; 100- 160 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

├155B.

usually not pale, not appearing .

│

┌158A.

very thin, usually withered at .

│

┌159A.

Tertiary s prominently etched on upper surface when fr esh; western Amazonia; below 560 m .. 📌Anthurium alropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. arenicola Croat

│

└159B.

Tertiary s not prominently etched on upper surface when fresh; western to northeastern Colombia, western Venezuela, Panama; sea level to 1,000(2,430) m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fendleri Schott

│

├158B.

moderately thick, not withered at .

│

┌160A.

longer than ; infructescence with ca. !-1 withered; fibers fine, hairlike, reddish brown; Peru to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil; 50- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium plowmanii Croat

│

├160B.

shorter than , usually much shorter; infructescence usually not withered in 1/3; fibers various, usually not fine and hairlike.

│

┌161A.

Leaf blade with tertiary s conspicuously etched on upper surface when fresh; central Peru; (240)320- 770 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pachylaminum Croat

│

├161B.

Leaf blade with tertiary s not conspicuously etched above, mostly obscure when fresh.

│

┌162A.

Leaves and inflorescence pendent to spreading-pendent; s usually more than 30 cm long; more than 20 cm long; Ecuador and adjacent Peru and Colombia; 90- 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pendulifolium N. E. Br.

│

├162B.

Leaves and inflorescence erect to erect-spreading; s mostly less than 30 cm long; mostly less than 20 cm long.

│

┌163A.

Leaf blades usually with conspicuous glandular punctations (a t least l y).

│

┌164A.

Leaf blades rounded to subtruncate at base, mostly drying greenish; 15- 40 mm long; southeastern Colombia , Amazonas and Bolivar in Venezuela; 75- 380 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cuatrecasii Croat

│

└164B.

Leaf blades acute to attenuate at base, mostly drying brown or yellowish; 3 - 20 mm long; southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela , northern Brazil; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. bonplandii

│

├163B.

Leaf blades without glandular punctations.

│

┌165A.

s persisting as an intact network of fine, pale fibers; primary lateral s usually drying conspicuously orange on lower surface.

│

┌166A.

Inflorescence spreading-pendent; more than 20 cm long; known only from Pastaza, Ecuador .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. oellg aardii Croat

│

└166B.

Inflorescence erect; usually less than 20 cm long; widespread in western Amazonia; below 500 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. erri estii

│

├165B.

s persisting semi-intact and brown with us ually incons picuous, mostly coarse fibers; primary lateral s not drying orange.

│

┌167A.

s 1- 3-ribbed ly; southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay. northern Argentina; 150- 1,700 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. paraguayense

│

├167B.

s rounded ly; Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

│

┌168A.

Primary lateral s 10- 20 per side; 3- 7 x longer than ; central Ecuador to southern Peru; 950- 2,760 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

│

├168B.

Primary lateral s 6-10 per side; less than 3 x longer than .

│

┌169A.

Stem erect; s medially I-ribbed adaxially; ; known only from Napo, Ecuador; 600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium tenaense Croat

│

└169B.

Stem usually horizontal and creeping; s flat to slightly adaxially; terrestrial or epilithic, rarely ; Brazil in Mato Grosso, Goias, Para, Rondonia .. 📌🔎Anthurium lindmanianum Engl.

│

├110B.

Species of western slopes of Andes, northern Colombia and Venezuela, southeastern coastal Brazil; not occurring in the Amazon basin.

│

┌170A.

s or hook-shaped.

│

┌171A.

s . 1l72a. Blades usually more than 4 x longer than wide, the margins usually sinuate and markedly undulate; pe tioles usually 1 - 4-ribbed ly; inflorescence usually erect-spreading; reddish to purplish violet, not ; coastal Ecuador and Peru; mostly dry regions. sea level to 890 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium barclayanum Engl.

│

┌172A.

Blades usually less than 4 x longer than wide, the margins not at all sinuate and only weakly undulate; s rounded ly; inflorescence usually pendent; pale lavender, ; northern Colombia to Nicaragua; humid to wet regions, sea level to 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium salviniae Hemsley

│

├171B.

s hook-shaped.

│

┌173A.

Primary lateral s departing midrib at 70- 90" angle; 1- 2 x longer than ; central Colombia; 900-l,750 m .. 📌Anthurium caucauallense Croat

│

└173B.

Primary lateral ve ins departing midrib at 40- 50° angle; 3-6x longer than ; coastal Ecuador; sea level to 400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium asplundii Croat

│

├170B.

s straight.

│

┌174A.

usually withe red at (a t least on dried specimens).

│

┌175A.

thin , . 5.5- 11 cm long; Panama, western to northeastern Colombia, western Venezuela; sea level to 1,000(2,430) m .. 📌🔎Anthurium fendleri Schott

│

└175B.

sub. not , 11 - 50 cm long; Trinidad and Tobago. Guianas, Amap3 in Brazil mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium jenmanii Engl.

│

├174B.

not withered at .

│

┌176A.

Primary lateral s 16- 30 per side; leaf blades drying distin ctly green: western slopes of Andes in Ecuador.

│

┌177A.

s broadly triangular; 4- 6 flowers visible per spiral; 200- 1,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium napaeum Engl.

│

├177B.

s D or U-shaped; usually more than 6 flowers visible per spiral.

│

┌178A.

s 15- 38 cm long; leaf blades 46- 90 cm long. 10- 20 cm wide; Los Rios and Cotopaxi, Ecuador; 210- 250 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium sparreorum Croat

│

└178B.

s 7- 15 cm long; leaf blades 90- 125 cm long, 20- 34 cm wide; Esmeraldas, Los Rios and Pichincha. Ecuador; sea level to 400 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium asplundii Croat

│

├176B.

Primary lateral vei ns 5- 17 per side: leaf blades mostly drying brown; northern South America to Central America , Cuba, coastal Brazil.

│

┌179A.

s C.shapecl , narrowly and deeply sulca te with usually blunt margins adaxially. rounded ly; Brazil in Minas Cerais. Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo .. 📌🔎Anthurium solitarium (Vell. Conc.) Schott

│

├179B.

s not C-shaped, usually D-shaped, mostly flattened or shallowly with sharp margins adaxially, generally flat or 1-several-ribbed ly.

│

┌180A.

more than 15 x longer than thick; northern Venezuela. northwestern Colombia, Curacao; sea level to l,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott

│

├180B.

less than 15 x longer than thick.

│

┌181A.

less than 30 cm long; s mostly rounded ly; more than 10 flowers visible in either spiral: northern Colombia and Venezuela, Cuba, to Central America .. 📌🔎Anthurium cubense Engl.

│

└181B.

more than 30 cm long; s prominently 3- 8-ribbed ly; fewer than 10 Rowers visible in either spiral ; northern Colombia (Choco) to Panama .. 📌🔎Anthurium concolor K. Krause

│

├109B.

more than 5 x longer than .

│

┌182A.

s hook -shaped or .

│

┌183A.

Species occurring in the Amazon basin and on eastern slopes of Andes.

│

┌184A.

Inflorescence erect-spreading: leaf blades usually matte on upper surface when fresh; on eastern slopes of Andes in Colombia and Ecuador; mostly above 440 m .. Anthurium harli .. 📌g i,anum Croat

│

├184B.

lnfforescence pendent to spreading-pendent; leaf blades semiglossy on upper surface when fresh; in western and northern Amazonia; below 350 m.

│

┌185A.

5- 6 x longer than , 3- 4 mm diam.: inflorescence strictly pendent: Amazonas and Bolivar, Venezuela .. 📌🔎Anthurium cataniapoense Croat

│

└185B.

4- 12 x longer than . 6- 1 I mm diam. ; inflorescence spreading to spreading-pendent; upper Amazon basin, Brazil (Amazonas), Loreto, Peru and adjacent Colombia and Ecuador .. 📌🔎Anthurium loretense Croat

│

├183B.

Species occurring in northern Colombia and coastal Ecuador.

│

┌186A.

s hook -shaped, : sea level to 400 m.

│

└186B.

s .. 📌🔎Anthurium asplundii Croat

│

┌187A.

pale lavender, : inflorescence usually pendent; s rounded ly: leaf blades with slightly undulate margins; northern Colombia to Mexico; humid to wet regions, sea level to 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium salviniae Hemsley

│

└187B.

reddish to violet-purple not ; inflorescence usuall y erect-spreading; s usually 1- 4-ribbed ly; leaf blades with usuall y strongly undulate margins; dry coastal Ecuador ; sea level to 890 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium barclayanum Cataphylls straight, lanceolate.

│

┌188A.

Leaf blades conspicuously quilted , with primary lateral s conspicuously -; Hu📌🔎Anthurium reflexinervium Croat

│

├188B.

Leaf blades not quilted, with primary lateral s ascending.

│

┌189A.

Leaf blades usually with conspicuous glandular punctations (at least ly).

│

┌190A.

Leaf blades rounded to subtruncate at base, mostly drying greenish; 15-40 mm long; southeastern Colombia, Amazonas and Bolivar in Venezuela; 75- 380 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cuatrecasii Croat

│

├190B.

Leaf blades attenuate to acute or obtuse at base, mostly drying brown or yellowish; 1 - 20 mm long.

│

┌191A.

Leaf blades usuall y to broadly ; southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, northern Brazil; mostly below 500 m.

│

┌192A.

Blades less than 10 cm wide; s less than 6.5 cm long, sheathed to midway; blade surfaces with s drying prominently raised .. 📌🔎Anthurium vinillense Bunting

│

└192B.

Blades more than 15 cm wide: s more than 10 cm long, sheathed no more than 1/3 their length; blade surfaces with s scarcely or not at all evident when dried .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. bonplandii

│

└191B.

Leaf blades usually ob to ob; Surinam and southern Venezuela; 400- 1,500 m .. - .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. guay aflum (Bunting) Croat

│

├189B.

Leaf blades without conspicuous glandular punctations.

│

┌193A.

withered and !urning yellow at ; Trinidad to Brazil (Amapii ); less than 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium jenmanii Engl.

│

├193B.

green to purplish, not withered al ant hesis.

│

┌194A.

Leaf blades - . less than 7 cm wide; dry coastal Ecuador .. 📌🔎Anthurium linguifolium Engl.

│

├194B.

Leaf blades mostly ob to or -, more than 7 cm wide.

│

┌195A.

Primary lateral s 10- 26 per side.

│

┌196A.

more than 6 x longer than s.

│

┌197A.

Blades -, rounded to broadly obtuse at base; Serrania de Huanchaca in eastern Bolivia; 750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium atropurpureum R. Schultes & Maguire var. thomasii Croat

│

├197B.

Blades ob to ob, acute to attenuate at base; Guiana Highlands or northern Antioquia.

│

┌198A.

; less than 9 cm long, less than 1.5 cm wide; Antioquia, Colombia; 300- 750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium anorianum Croat

│

└198B.

1.5- 2.5 cm; more than 9 cm long. more than 1.5 cm wide; Kaieteur Plateau, Guyana; 4 70 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium cowanii Croat

│

├196B.

mostly less than 6 x longer than s.

│

┌199A.

less than 20 x longer than thick at ; Ecuador to southern Peru; 950-2,760 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

│

├199B.

more than 20 x longer than thick at .

│

┌200A.

Leaf blades drying sub and yellowish brown to green: coastal Ecuador ; sea level to 400m .. 📌🔎Anthurium asplundii Croat

│

└200B.

Leaf blades drying and dark brown: eastern slopes of Andes in Colombia and Ecuador: 400- 1,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium harlingianum Croat

│

├195B.

Primary lateral s mostly 4- 10 per side.

│

┌201A.

Leaf blades drying grayish to grayish brown: more than 40x longer than thick: Vaupes and Amazonas in Colombia, adjacent Peru: 130- 250 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium vaupesianum Croat

│

├201B.

Leaf blades drying mostly green, yellow.green to brownish: less than 40 x longer than thick .

│

┌202A.

s mostly narrowly and deeply with blunt margins adaxially, rounded ly.

│

┌203A.

usualJy spreading.ascending, . conspicuously dec urrent on pe. duncle; Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, Brazil .. 📌🔎Anthurium solitarium (Vell. Cone.) Schott

│

└203B.

usually reflexed, sub. not conspicuously on : central Peru: 320-770m .. 📌🔎Anthurium pachylaminum Croat

│

├202B.

s mostly flattened or shallowly with acute margins adaxially, mostly 1-3-ribbed ly.

│

┌204A.

Leaf blades -; less than 6 cm long; San Martin, Peru .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium basirotundum Croat

│

└204B.

Leaf blades ob to .ob; more than 6 cm long: southern Brazil, Bolivia. Paraguay, and northern Argentina; 150- 1,700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. paraguayense

│

├108B.

greenish to whitish.

│

┌205A.

Primary lateral s toward base of leaf blade perpendicular to midrib to to 130°.

│

┌206A.

Leaf blades less than 45 cm long; La Paz, Boliv ia: 700- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. coroicoarwm Croat

│

└206B.

Leaf blades more than 50 cm long: central Peru; 500- 1.800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium latissimum Engl.

│

├205B.

Primary lateral s all ascending, not perpendicular or re trorse to the midrib: widespread in South America.

│

┌207A.

less than 3 x longer than .

│

┌208A.

Species of the Amazon basin and drainage system.

│

┌209A.

less than 2 x longer than .

│

┌210A.

longer than : infructescence with ca. II .. withered: fibers fine , hairlike, reddish brown; Peru to Bolivia . Paraguay and Brazil: 50- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium plowmanii Croat

│

├210B.

shorter than ; infructescence usually not withered in Y.J; fibers various, usually not fine and hairl ike.

│

┌211A.

Leaf blades mostly less than 4 x longer than s: more than 20 x longer than thick .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

├211B.

Leaf blades mostly more than 4 x longer than s: less than 20 x longer than thick (mostly much less ).

│

┌212A.

More than 12 flowers visible in either spiral; whitish.

│

┌213A.

shorter than ; leaf blades less than 18 cm wide, tinged red to purple below; s less than 10 cm long.

│

┌214A.

Leaf blades less than 4 x longer than broad; known only from Napo, Ecuador: 200 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium superbum Madison subsp. superbum

│

└214B.

Leaf blades more than 4 x longer than broad; known only from Rio Cenepa area , Amazonas, Peru: 200- 300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium superbum Madison subsp. brentberlinii Croat

│

└213B.

longer than : leaf blades more than 18 cm wide. not tinged red or purple: s more than 10 cm long; Acre, Brazil and adjacent Peru and Colombia; less than 300 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium galactospadix Croat

│

├212B.

Mostly fewer than 12 flowers visible in either spiral; mostl y greenish.

│

┌215A.

appearing ; Madre de Dios, Peru; 700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium manuanum Croat

│

├215B.

not appearing .

│

┌216A.

Cataph ylls persisting as an intact skeleton of fine, pale fibers; primary lateral s conspicuously orange below on drying; and erect; widespread in western Amazonia; below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. ernestii

│

└216B.

s persisting semi-intact, brown; primary lateral s not drying orange; spreading, erect; Pastaza, Ecuador; ca. 1,000 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium curtispadix Croat

│

├209B.

more than 2 x (mostly more than 3 x ) longer than spadi x.

│

┌217A.

usually appearing , or if not appearing , then s persisting as an intact network of fine, pale fibers and primary lateral s drying conspicuously orange on lower surface; in moist to wet forest life zones; lowland Amazonia.

│

┌218A.

s persisting as an intact network of fine, pale fibe rs; leaf blades usually drying greenish, with primary lateral s usually drying conspicuously orange on lower surface; not appearing ; widespread in western Amazonia; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. ernestii

│

├218B.

s persisting semi-intact. brown; leaf blades drying brown, with primary lateral s not drying orange.

│

┌219A.

Leaf blades , narrowly -, to 9.5 cm wide, broadest at the middle, drying reddish brown with the tertiary s on both surfaces; known only from Napo. Ecuador; 600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium tenaense Croat

│

├219B.

Leaf blades sub, usuall y ob and broadest well above the middle or rarely to broadly in Anthurium uleanum var. nanayense (if then usually 11- 16 cm wide), drying greenish to grayish green to brown, but not reddish brown, with tertiary s not (or at least never on the upper surface).

│

┌220A.

More than 6 flowers visible in either spiral; western Amazonia; below 550 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

└220B.

Fewer than 6 flowers visible in either spiral; Loreto, Peru, 100- 160 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

├217B.

sometimes pale but not appearing ; usually terrestrial or epilithic in mostly drier life zones.

│

┌221A.

Leaf blades glandular- on lower surface.

│

┌222A.

Leaf blades less than 5 cm wide, less than 16 cm long; with less than 5 cm long; Surinam .. 📌🔎Anthurium maguirei A. Hawkes

│

└222B.

Leaf blades more than 5 cm wide, more than 16 cm long (usually more than 25 cm); with more than 5 mm long .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cuatrecasii Croat

│

├221B.

Leaf blades not glandular- on lower surface.

│

┌223A.

Leaf blades mostly more than 5 x longer than broad.

│

┌224A.

s Rat to slightly convex adaxially, rounded ly; San Martin, Peru; 130- 750 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium llewelynii Croat

│

└224B.

s with prominent medial rib adaxially, 1- 3-ribbed ly; southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina; 150 - 1,700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. paraguayense

│

├223B.

Leaf blades less than 5 x longer than broad.

│

┌225A.

Stem erect; more than 2 x longer than s; San Martin, Peru; 360- 700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium tarapotense Engl.

│

└225B.

Stem usually horizontal, creeping; mostly less than 2 x longer than s; Brazil in Mato Grosso, Goi3s, Par3., and Rond&nia .. 📌🔎Anthurium lindmanianum Engl.

│

├208B.

Species of central and northern Colombia. Venezuela, southeastern Brazil, not occurring in the Amazon basin .

│

┌226A.

Primary lateral s depart ing midrib at 70- 90° angle; s hook-shaped; central Colombia; 900- 1, 750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium caucavallense Croat

│

├226B.

Primary lateral s departing midrib at 30- 70° angle; s straight.

│

┌227A.

Leaf blades with margins prominently undulate; often broadest near ; eastern and southeastern Brazil; sea level to 1,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium affine Schott

│

├227B.

Leaf blades with margins not prominently undulate; broadest near base.

│

┌228A.

Leaf blades with pale raphides visible at low magnification on drying; 2- 6 cm long; 4- l 2 cm long; northern Venezuela, Curacao; sea level to 600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium wagenerianum K. Koch & Bouche

│

└228B.

Leaf blades without pale raphides visible at low magnification on drying; 8.0- 12.5 cm long; 12-33 cm long, northern Venezuela , northwestern Colombia, Curac;ao; sea level to l,800 m .. 📌Anthurium crassinvervium (Jacq.) Schott

│

├207B.

>= 3 x longer than .

│

┌229A.

s or hooked.

│

┌230A.

s hook-shaped and ; Colombia; 900- 1.750 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium caucavallense Croat

│

├230B.

s , moderately broad, not at all .

│

┌231A.

pale lavender at , ; inflorescence usually pendent; s rounded ly; leaf blades with slightly undulate margins; northern Colombia to Mexico; humid to wet regions. sea level to 1,600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium salviniae Hemsley

│

└231B.

reddish to violet-purple, not ; inflorescence usually erect-spreading; s usually 1- 4-ribbed ly. leaf blades with usually strongly undulate margins; dry coastal Ecuador and Peru; sea level to 890 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium barclayanum Engl.

│

├229B.

s straight, .

│

┌232A.

Species of the Amazon basin and drainage system.

│

┌233A.

longer than ; infructescence with ca. 1/3 withered; fibers fine, hairlike, reddish brown; Peru to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil; 50- 900 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium plowmanii Croat

│

├233B.

. shorter than ; infructescence not withered in ca. 1/3; fibers various, usually not fine and hairlike.

│

┌234A.

appearing .

│

┌235A.

More than 6 flowers visible in either spiral; western Amazonia; below 550 m .. .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum

│

└235B.

Fewer than 6 flowers visible in either spiral; Loreto, Peru; 100- 160 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. nanayense Croat

│

├234B.

not appearing .

│

┌236A.

Leaf blades glandular- on lower surface.

│

┌237A.

Leaf blades less than 5 cm wide, less than 16 cm long; Surinam .. 📌🔎Anthurium maguirei Anthurium Hawkes

│

├237B.

Leaf blades more than 5 cm wide, more than 16 cm long.

│

┌238A.

Leaf blades mostly rounded to subtruncate at base, mostly drying greenish; 15 - 40 mm long; southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela; 75- 380 rn .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. cuairecasii Croat

│

├238B.

Leaf blades attenuate to acute or obtuse at base, mostly drying brownish or yellowish; 1- 20 mm long.

│

┌239A.

Primary lateral s steeply ascending, departing midrib at less than 40" angle: known only from Cerro Aratitiyope, Amazonas, Venezuela; 990 rn .. 📌🔎Anthurium xanthoneurum Bunting

│

├239B.

Primary lateral s not steeply ascending, departing midrib at 40° or more angle; Surinam, southern Venezuela; 400- 1,400 m.

│

┌240A.

Blades less than 10 cm wide; s sheathed to midway; blade surfaces with s, drying prominently raised .. 📌🔎Anthurium vinillense Bunting

│

└240B.

Blades more than 10 cm wide; blade surfaces with s scarcely or not at all raised when dried .. 📌🔎Anthurium bonplandii Bunting subsp. guayanum (Bunting) Croat

│

├236B.

Leaf blades not glandular- on lower surface.

│

┌241A.

s persisting as an intact network of fine, pale fibers; primary lateral s often dr ying conspicuously orange below; western Amazonia; mostly below 500 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium ernestii Engl. var. ernestii

│

├241B.

s persisting semi.intact and brown; primary lateral s not drying orange below.

│

┌242A.

Primary lateral s more than 10 per side.

│

┌243A.

more than 20 x longer than thick: leaf blades more than 5 x longer than broad; known only from the Serrania de Cutucll, Ecuador; l ,300 m Anthurium bushii Croat

│

└243B.

padix less than 20 x longer than thick: leaf blades less than 5 x longer than broad; Ecuador to southern Peru; 950- 2, 760 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott

│

├242B.

Primary lateral s fewer than 10 per side.

│

┌244A.

Leaf blades more than 3 x longer than broad, with prominently undulate margins; southern Brazil. Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina; 150- 950 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium paraguayense Engl. var. paraguayerise

│

└244B.

Leaf blades less than 3 x longer than broad. with slightly undulate margins; San Martin, Peru: 360- 700 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium tarapotense Engl.

│

├232B.

Species of central and northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, southeastern Brazil, and not occurring in the Amazon basin or drainage system.

│

┌245A.

more than 10x longer than broad; bluish green and appearing ; central Colombia; 500-2,100 m .. 📌Anthurium glaucospadix Croat

│

├245B.

1.6-6 x longer than broad; not bluish green or appearing .

│

┌246A.

Leaf blades with margins prominently undulate; often broadest near ; eastern and southeastern Brazil; sea level to l,300 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium affine Schott

│

├246B.

Leaf blades with margins not prominently undulate; broadest near base.

│

┌247A.

Leaf blades with pale raphides visible at low magnification on drying; 2- 6 cm long; 4-12 cm long; northern Venezuela, Curacao; sea level to 600 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium wagenerianum K. Koch & Bouche

│

└247B.

Leaf blades without pale raphides visible at low magnification on drying; 8 - 12.5 cm long; l2- 33 cm long; northern Venezuela; northwestern Colombia: Curacao; sea level to 1,800 m .. 📌🔎Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott